As a rule, their methods and conclusions, while often ingenious, were misdirected when viewed from the perspective of modern science. In the 1600s thinkers such as Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, Bacon ...

A large part of modern science and social science already is tainted by the irreproducibility crisis of modern science—the combination of politicized groupthink, academic publish-or-perish culture, ...