leptons, and bosons. It is a very comprehensive framework backed by extensive experimental evidence and is the foundation of modern particle physics. The Standard Model extends the principles of ...

Out of the limelight, theoretical physicists continue to seek a mathematical model that can explain the universe's particles ...

The underlying theoretical construct in particle physics is called the Standard Model and it contains 6 quarks, 6 leptons, 4 gauge bosons, and one scalar boson (the Higgs boson), which interact ...

The second edition of this introductory graduate textbook provides a concise yet accessible introduction to the Standard Model. It has been updated to ... the electromagnetic and weak interactions of ...

Electrons are one of the six types of lepton. Leptons are particles that can exist on their own. Protons and neutrons belong to the ‘family’ of hadrons. The hadrons are the heavier particles.

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

The Z bosons are identified through their decays either to charged, light lepton pairs. Supersymmetry (SUSY) provides a natural explanation to the dark matter puzzle by predicting that each Standard ...